Measured Wind Tunnel Results:
Tested configurations:
Since the wind tunnel diameter was 10 feet, the wing to be tested was made-up of two extended with tips as sown in the following pictures. The wing profile was an LS 10413
- The span was 5.118 and 6.037 feet respectively.
- The surface was 11.571 and 14.563 sqf respectively.
- The aspect ratio was 2.264 and 2.501 respectively.
Configuration Without WVEs
Configuration with WVEs
1- At iso Cl, a 2° less of angle of attack is
needed (see point 1, in attached Fig 1.)
-Actual equation to calculate the Cl slope is:
dCl/dalpha = .109662*AR/(2+(4+AR^2*beta^2*(1+(lambda/beta)^2))^.5)
where
AR = aspect ratio, beta = compressibility factor, lambda = sweep
tangent
2- The 75% added wetted surface compensated for 0.3° of attack
(see point 2, in attached graph)
3- The Cdi ratio of 63/38 = 1.66 - 39% are due to increased span by 6.037²/5.118² = 1.39: that make 66-39 = 27% accounted to WVEs. (see point 3, in attached graph)
4- The Cdi coefficient k of .727 versus 1.00 for an elliptical wing (Ludwig Prandtl Formula)
5- Increased Trailing Vortex dissipation by 3 (see Air & Cosmos July 3 1998 in Research section)
Fig 1. This graphic shows Cl/Cd and Cl slope.
Fig 2. Cl²/Cd graph
Ludwig PRANDTL equation for induced drag: Cdi = k/P * Cl^2/ AR. Till today the best value for k =1 was achieved by an elliptical wing, like the World War British " Spitfire ". Any other shape had a larger value k>1 Except the WVE one which bring the measured value of "k" = 0.727, that is simply exceptional.
From L. Prandtl equation we can write k = dCd/dCl^2*P*AR
For the test without we then have k = 0.0290/0.2*3.1416*2.263 = 1.022*
For the test with WVEs we then have k = 0.0185/0.2*¨3.1416*2.501 = .727
*This figure is pretty good, because configuration tested was fitted with Horner Wing tips.
If you have comments or suggestions, email me, Henri CHOROSZ, at Hchorosz@aol.com
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